The Uniform Franchise Offering Circular: What Every Franchisee Needs to Know

After months of careful thought and planning, you are poised to start your own franchise business. You've pinpointed your interests, narrowed your industry options, and selected the company that is your perfect match. Now, just weeks away from your own "opening day," you find yourself handed a document of intimidating size with an equally intimidating title: Uniform Franchise Offering Circular.

What? You're probably asking.

Just when you thought you had done all the heavy reading the law should allow, you're faced with still more. Unlike your own research, however, this document the law actually requires. What exactly is a Uniform Offering Circular Agreement, or, as it is more commonly called, a UFOC? As you will come to see, it is not only an extremely important document for any franchisee, but it is also a vital layer of business protection that makes franchising one of the lowest-risk entrepreneurial ventures.

Entrepreneur.com defines a UFOC as "[a] regulatory document describing a franchise opportunity that prospective franchisees have to receive before they pay any money, sign any papers or, in some cases, even meet with the franchisor." The document gives background franchise business information in over 20 categories regarding the selected franchise opportunity and provides a copy of the franchise agreement.

Although hardly a household word, the UFOC has been in existence for well over 25 years but traces its impetus back even further. During the 1960s and1970s, the franchise industry found itself beset with certain unethical behaviors that were adversely affecting those involved in the industry. In 1975, the Midwest Securities Commissioners Association presented the first UFOC. According to Entrepreneur.com, this first edition "was created in response to the disparate disclosure requirements that an increasing number of states were adopting in the early 1970s." Eventually, all state and federal regulatory authorities adopted the UFOC. In 1979, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) adopted the UFOC, and since that year, federal franchise law has required that franchisors provide the UFOC to prospective franchisees at least 10 days prior to the signing of the Franchise Agreement.

Specifically, the UFOC discloses franchise information in 23 different categories. This information must be current based on the franchisor's most recent fiscal year, and if any changes have occurred since that time, the franchisor must make the information regarding these changes available to the potential franchisee in the form of a quarterly revision.

The 23 categories of the UFOC are as follows:

1. The Franchisor, Its Predecessors and Affiliates
2. Business Experience
3. Litigation
4. Bankruptcy
5. Initial Franchise Fee
6. Other Fees
7. Initial Investment
8. Restrictions on Sources of Products and Services
9. Franchisee's Obligations
10. Financing
11. Franchisor's Obligations
12. Territory
13. Trademarks
14. Patents, Copyrights, and Proprietary Information
15. Obligation to Participate in the Actual Operation of the Franchise Business
16. Restrictions on What the Franchisee May Sell
17. Renewal, Termination, Transfer, and Dispute Resolution
18. Public Figures
19. Earnings Claims
20. List of Franchise Outlets
21. Financial Statements
22. Contracts
23. Receipt

While covering numerous specific details, these 23 categories fall into several major areas, including history, fees and royalties, organizational management, any major legal issues or cases, franchise terms, and financial disclosure.

The history section will briefly chronicle the founding of the franchise and should include information regarding who started the franchise, any date of incorporation, and how long the company has been franchising.

Under fees and royalties should be listed in detail the initial franchise fee as well as ongoing royalty requirements. The franchisee should note, however, that the franchise fee might not include additional start-up costs such as facility rent, inventory, and equipment.

The organizational management section will provide information regarding the executive team of the franchise. According to Entrepreneur.com, this data should allow the franchisee to obtain an idea of the professional experience of the franchise's officers and directors as well as discover if any potential conflicts of interest exist between these individuals and the suppliers and/or vendors with whom the franchisee will be doing business.

The UFOC's legal information categories will inform the franchisee of any major civil, criminal or bankruptcy cases in which the franchise or any of its executive officers have been involved. Entrepreneur.com notes that in today's litigious society, the presence of past legal involvements may necessarily signal a problem, but, depending upon the nature of the litigations, they may provide good cause for further investigation by the franchisee before entering into a contract.

The franchise terms detail a wide array of vital information, including contract renewal stipulations, franchisor and franchisee obligations, territorial considerations, and dispute resolution. Franchise terms may vary widely from one franchise opportunity to another, and it is crucial that the prospective franchisee thoroughly understand and accept the terms of the franchise prior to signing a contract. It is also strongly recommended that the franchisee also have his or her attorney review the UFOC and franchise contract.

The franchisor is also required to provide financial disclosure, including financial, balance, and income statements. Some franchisors may also make available profit and earnings forecasts, although these are not always required.

Although the Uniform Franchise Offering Circular may present itself as an intimidating document, in reality it is a crucial piece of franchise business information that not only protects but also helps franchisees as they take the exciting step of starting and owning a successful franchise business.

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