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The Lost Months Of The Lunar Calendar

If the sun transits into two rashis within a lunar month, then the month will have to be labeled by both transits and will take the epithet kshay, which means loss. There is considered to be a loss, because in this case, there is only one month labeled by both transits.

If the sun had transited into only one rashi in a lunar month, which is the norm, there would have been two separate months labeled by the two transits in question. For example, if the sun transits into Mesh and Vrishabh in a lunar month, then it will be called Chaitra-Vaishaakh kshaya. There will be no separate months labeled Chaitra and Vaishakh. A kshay masa occurs very rarely, and is the gaps between occurrence of kshaya masas that are nineteen and one hundred forty one years. The last one occurred in 1983. January fifteenth through February twelfth were Pausha-Magha kshay, then February thirteenth onwards was Phalguna.

In a special case, if there is no solar transit in one lunar month, but there are two transits in the next lunar month, the first month will be labeled by the first transit of the second month, as usual, and take the epithet adhik and the next month will be labeled by both its transits as is usual for a kshay masa. This is a very very rare occurrence, and the last was in 1315. October eighth to November fifth were adhik Kartik, November sixth to December fifth were Kartik-Margashirsh kshaya, then December sixth onwards was Paush.

Among normal months, adhika months, and kshaya months the earlier are considered better for religious purposes. That means, if a festival should fall on the tenth tithi of the Ashvayuja month, which is called Vijayadashami, and there are two Ashvayuja months caused by the existence of an adhika Ashvayuja. The first adhika month will not see the festival, and the festival will be observed only in the second nija month. However, if the second month is ashvayuja kshaya, then the festival will be observed in the first adhika month itself.

When two months are rolled into one in the case of a kshaya masa, then the festivals of both months will also be rolled into this kshaya masa. For example, the festival of Mahashivaratri, which is to be observed on the fourteenth tithi, of the Magha krishna paksha was, in 1983, and is observed on the corresponding tithi of Pausha-Magha kshaya krishna paksha.

Since in that year, Pausha and Magha were rolled into one. When two months are rolled into one in the case of a kshaya masa, then the festivals of both months will also be rolled into this kshaya masa. For example, the festival of Mahashivaratri, which is to be observed on the fourteenth tithi, of the Magha krishna paksha was, in 1983, observed on the corresponding tithi of Pausha-Magha kshaya krishna paksha, since in that year, Pausha and Magha were rolled into one.

The new year day is the first day of the shukla paksha of Chaitra. In the case of adhika or kshaya months relating to Chaitra. However, the religious rules that apply are if an adhika Chaitra is followed by a nija Chaitra, then the new year starts with the nija Chaitra. Another rule is if an adhika Chaitra is followed by a Chaitra-Vaishakha kshaya, then the new year starts with the adhika Chaitra. Or, if a Chaitra-Vaishakha kshaya occurs with no adhika Chaitra before it, then it starts the new year, or if a Phalguna-Chaitra kshaya occurs, then it starts the new year.

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